Vulnerabilities and integrity of precise point positioning for intelligent transport systems: overview and analysis

Abstract The implementation of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technology is expected to significantly improve road safety and traffic efficiency. One the key components ITS precise vehicle positioning. Positioning with decimetre sub-metre accuracy a fundamental capability for self-driving, other automated applications. Global Navigation Satellite (GNSS) Precise Point (PPP) an attractive positioning approach due its relatively low-cost flexibility. However, GNSS PPP vulnerable several effects, especially those caused by challenging urban environments, where most likely needed. To meet high integrity requirements applications, it necessary carefully analyse potential faults failures study relevant monitoring methods. In this paper overview vulnerabilities presented identify that need be monitored when developing These are categorised into different groups according their impact error sources assist fault analysis, which demonstrated Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA) Fault Tree (FTA) main discussed in detail, along causes, characteristics, on users, related mitigation addition, research methods used accounting threats applications briefly reviewed. Both system-level (network-end) user-level (user-end) approaches discussed, focusing development challenges scenarios. Some open issues, further efforts should focus, also identified.